Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Data Systems - Essay Example y apply to organizations in the assembling setting yet in addition to those in the administration business, for example, banks, medical clinics, the military, just as the earth management(Gupta, 1998). Organizations that are administration situated might be believed to appropriate non-physical items, they are additionally associated with the circulation of choices and exercises that go with those decisions(Edelstein, 1991). For example, for this situation R/Way Trucking Company could be engaged with the conveyance of cargo bills to its providers or customers. The organization may need to keep up all the inventories held by the makers of its trucks which may likewise incorporate moving the transportation records. Selecting web based engineering would be a splendid one for R/Way Truck Company since it will enable the organization to stay aware of the developing serious powers in the market just as react to the weights of the worldwide commercial center. Consolidating web based design will likewise assist the organization with delivering their administrations quicker, with high caliber and more prominent execution. This engineering will contain programming applications that extend from archive the board frameworks, word preparing projects to finance the board programming. R/Way Truck Company ought to embrace the customer server engineering since it is open in an a lot simpler route from different stages in the systems. It is likewise an improvement of the elements of the client just as introduction from the server to the customer. Also, it prompts an improved framework adaptability and responsiveness to the client whereby changes can be made effectively by updating the server. Likewise, the organization can have the option to characterize and get to its security rights when the server is being set. The customer server design won't possibly realize the effective with regards to sharing of data yet in addition in the incorporation of administrations. The customer server is likewise effectively control and guarantees that there is legitimate administration of the records and simpler

Sanchez and Levine Summary

In making the differentiation between competency demonstrating (CM) and conventional Job examination (TAXI the creators articulate that the last reprises itself with depicting and estimating everyday tasks of explicit jobs In an association while the previous identifies with wanted conduct capabilities that rise above different jobs and In doing so add to an all-encompassing hierarchical system. The creators analyze CM and TAX along six measurements: reason, perspective on the activity, center, time direction, execution level and estimation approach.While all measurements are similarly significant in making an understood differentiation between the two ideas, with the end goal of this rundown I will concentrate on what is as I would see it he three most pertinent qualifications between the two HRS strategies to be specific, center, time direction and execution level. The creators contend that TAX centers exclusively around the activity and in doing so neglects to perceive that activi ty conduct could be impacted by factors other than formal responsibilities.CM then again, fabricates itself around ideas of 'manager brand' and 'worker incentive' that incorporate social topics and one of a kind exhibition qualities that get straightforwardly from the authoritative character itself. The focal point of CM Is especially significant in light of the fact that it has huge reasonable ramifications when imparting the board desires to employees.An boss brand ought to relate to a business procedure and conveying key capabilities as a part of the board desires is bound to support on-brand conduct in the conveyance of items and administrations to clients, paying little heed to the representative's Job title. For instance, the consideration of ‘Discretionary Effort' among Feeder's abilities urges Its representatives to go well beyond their everyday Job obligations and give innovative answers for clients' requests, which Is reliable with an overall business system of surpa ssing client expectations.Furthermore, since skills convey general conduct topics that the association wishes to see over all Jobs, workers looking for professional success can relate to these subjects and play out their obligations that advantage themselves as well as the association too. Most associations don't draw in their representatives In a way that urges them to show such on-brand behavior.However It appears to be very clear, that going with explicit occupation obligations with these conduct subjects and remunerating representatives for exhibiting such practices in the work environment could significantly affect a company's notoriety and generally speaking consistency in the way workers play out their obligations. Furthermore, the creators contend that TAX Is established In the past on the grounds that It worries about portraying a Job by depending on the individuals who have played out the Job till date.In differentiate CM NAS a Touch on ten Torture, Decease It conveys now a Joy noses be deciphered and performed starting now and into the foreseeable future paying little heed to past conduct. Expense adopts a base up strategy depending on data acquired from representatives playing out the activity, while CM adopts a top-down strategy by imparting nonexclusive conduct topics recognized by pioneers who are likewise liable for key planning.Furthermore, the creators contribute that TAX traces everyday operational capacities that have encouraged the endurance of the association till date, while CM frets about change-arranged abilities that urge workers to show certain social qualities that may encourage development and hang. Generally, CM permits workers to more readily see how their particular Job assignments add to the association's key activities and when furnished with the correct impetuses, representatives are bound to change their practices that line up with these systems going in to the future.Providing representatives with a feeling of direction and course that encourages the association's future development is bound to support practices that go well beyond a representative's essential obligations in serving the clients which may thusly serve the association also. Last however not the least, the unmistakable exhibition level tended to by TAX and CM is of specific criticalness since it permits us to comprehend what will draw out the best from representatives in an organization.While TAX addresses the average' necessities expected to play out the work assignments, CM centers around ‘maximal' execution by empowering a progression of inexactly coupled social topics that go past the operational productivity of essential parts of a Job. This qualification is noteworthy in such a case that administrators wish to urge workers to perform at a level cap goes past the ordinary everyday obligations, they should exceed expectations at certainly imparting these social subjects to others in the organization.These topics will in general be nonexclusive so they rise above over all Job titles inside the association and bear on the relational parts of the way in which the Job should be performed. Hence, as referenced prior, those looking for professional success have an away from of what kind of conduct will bring about great results and that enhancing everyday activities alone won't serve them or the association over the long haul.

Qualitative Research Methodologies Essay

Veal (2000) has depicted research a â€Å"systematic and cautious request ands look for the truth† or an examination concerning a subject to find realities. Research is assortment of strategies, instruments and methods for procuring information. The idea of research is to find and clarify and answer the unanswered inquiries. Subjective technique centers around â€Å"quality† a term alluding to the embodiment or atmosphere of something (Anastas, 1999). Subjective strategies are utilized to comprehend complex social wonders. They are appropriate to look for information about the central qualities of a marvel under investigation. Sorts of Qualitative Methodologies Case-Study Research Methodology Case concentrate as a â€Å"realistic† strategy, which manages strong and explicit inquiries. Contextual investigation makes an interpretation of research question into progressively researchable issues, and gives rich models, which are anything but difficult to grasp. The essentialness of contextual investigations is its noteworthy importance of a wonder. Perception Research Methodology Scott (2001) has portrayed perception a viable method for getting some answers concerning individuals in their specific condition. Observational research strategy gives comprehension of connection among advertisers and clients, investigating individuals collaboration in an association and understanding standards in a network. Ethnographic Research Methodology According to Garson (1998) ethnography is the investigation of social groupings. It focuses on close field perception of socio-social wonders. Ethnographic research is an all encompassing methodology that attempts to comprehend a culture through the individuals from given culture. Quantitative Research Methodologies Quantitative research is gathering information in amount. The objective of the quantitative research approach is to discover reality by utilizing factual technique. Hara (1995) has called attention to that quantitative procedure permits perusers to comprehend realities effectively by taking a gander at diagrams and charts. The utilization of insights lessens logical inconsistencies, which may exist in look into. Morgan (2000) has referenced that â€Å"quantification† permits exactness of explanations by giving raw numbers accuracy. Nonattendance of one will make the other endless. It is accepted that quantitative techniques are more coherent and more understandable than subjective procedure consequently. expressive, exploratory, semi trial Methodologies. Information Collection Anyway for this exploration the most fitting strategy for this investigation is contextual investigation as this examination is correlation of these two urban areas dependent on the information and realities acquired from various libraries, books, diaries, papers and statistics office to address the inquiries underneath. †¢ How history and geological area impact their turn of events? †¢ What are the current monetary figures of the urban communities? †¢ How much advancement these urban communities have made in exchange, business wellbeing instruction and sanitation frameworks? †¢ What is the job of topography and area in the improvement of urban communities?

The Characteristics of Easy Argumentative Essay Topics about Health

<h1> The Characteristics of Easy Argumentative Essay Topics about Health </h1> <h2> The Essentials of Easy Argumentative Essay Topics about Health You Will have the option to Learn From Starting Right Away</h2> <p>Three significant points of view should be summed up. Article is basically an exact and brief book concentrating on the noteworthy viewpoints of a particular point or subject. An extraordinary pugnacious article will be founded on built up or new examination instead of just on your thoughts and emotions. </p> <h2> Life After Easy Argumentative Essay Topics about Health</h2> <p>It is significant in the first place showing the foremost thought of the whole piece so you and your perusers will be on the indistinguishable page. Indeed, even at whatever point you're expressing your perspective, ensure you don't appear to be one-sided. In case you're appointed to compose a contentious article, you should be set up to guard a pa rticular perspective. In the event that you should create a contentious article, the absolute first thing you need to do is to comprehend its key highlights and structure. </p> <h2>Top Choices of Easy Argumentative Essay Topics about Health </h2> <p>Utilize innovation to your advantage by getting your work checked for botches. In the event that you accept you'll scarcely succeed causing your own subject, to think about searching for smart thoughts on the web, at assets offering valuable rules on powerful exposition composing systems. Exposition assist organizations with offering article structure guides. In case you're battling, you generally have the alternative to procure help by utilizing an exposition composing administration, for example, our own. </p> <p>To choose a point, you need to find a class or a paper kind and see the rundown of topics. Models given will assist with support up your thoughts. There are a lot of systems that could assis t you with selecting a subject. When composing a vital creation, it's a smart thought to pick contradictive themes. </p> <p>The peruser should be intrigued by how you guard your thoughts. Obviously, when you were given a reasonable activity to compose on a specific subject you won't have to wreck your minds looking for something energizing and pivotal to harp on. Possibly you directly have a summed up thought of what things to write in your brain, and the accompanying will let you focus on some particular idea or maybe change your decision. At the point when you're picking your theme, recollect that it's a lot more straightforward to expound on something which you as of now have intrigue ineven in the event that you don't have a clue about a decent arrangement about it. </p> <p>The subjects referenced already are great beginning stages that might be utilized to make a model undertaking on medical issues. Article task assist suppliers with offering their excep tional administrations at a cheap rate. Despite the fact that individuals accept training is a right and will make society, generally speaking, a superior spot for everyone, others feel there's no certified technique to give a free advanced degree as universities would at present must be supported (likely through duty dollars). In this way, the two understudies of social insurance programs notwithstanding understudies of some other claim to fame may have an undertaking to form an exposition on wellbeing subject. </p> <h2>Choosing Easy Argumentative Essay Topics about Health </h2> <p>Then you ought to pick a subject and approach that you will utilize. Thusly, the subject should be easily proven wrong! Your point must be clear and reasonable. Frequently, the absolute best subject is one which you genuinely care about, however you likewise should get solid and steady to explore it.</p> <h2> The Meaning of Easy Argumentative Essay Topics about Health </h2> <p>Essay composing isn't just about including important subtleties. It ought to be written in a proper language. Composing a paper is an average undertaking given to every understudy in school. </p> <h2> The Appeal of Easy Argumentative Essay Topics about Health </h2> <p>Locating great exposition subjects you could examine adequately and make ground-breaking contentious articles is a troublesome work. Our expert journalists think about the essential components of a contentious exposition. </p> <p>Easy explanatory expositions are articles where you're anticipated to chip away at realities rather than suppositions. The structure of the paper is as yet precisely the same for the most part in most of the sorts of papers. Should you need proficient assistance with factious paper themes, don't spare a moment to address us. On occasion you may require some master help with pugnacious article subjects. </p> <p>A sublime theme can assist you with finding the field in the most effective manner and show your exploration capacities. You may embed your individual viewpoints on the subject. Brain research can flexibly an abundance of fascinating issues to talk about. School is for a high measure of study. </p> <p>If you're simply watching out for fascinating clinical article theme thoughts, view the rundown beneath. It is amazingly simple to find such a subject and furthermore compose this sort of article as long as you adhere to a couple of standard guidel ines. At some stage, you're probably going to be mentioned to create a contentious article. At the point when it has to do with composing a contentious exposition, the most vital issue to do is to choose a subject and a contention you may truly get behind. </p> <p>Then investigate a rundown of factious article recommendations to enable you to start. Having chosen an incredible theme to contend about, now you should make a contentious article layout. Ordinarily, it does exclude references and statements in it. Investigating the point will allow you to discover progressively about what intrigues you, and should you pick something you truly like, composing the article will be more enjoyable.</p> <p>Understanding how to create a solid pugnacious paper will assist you with propelling your own one of a kind factious reasoning. Pugnacious exposition is a kind of scholarly paper that requests significant comprehension of investigated issue and an immense assortment of closely-held convictions and realities. Since you may see, there's a huge number of various factious paper titles it's conceivable to use. Factious works is a specific sort of a paper. </p>

Writing An Essay Comparing And Contrasting Living Like Weasels

<h1>Writing An Essay Comparing And Contrasting Living Like Weasels</h1><p>You are an individual who's composing a paper looking into living like weasels. You have a straightforward inquiry that you might want to compose an article to reply; which living style is the more intriguing?</p><p></p><p>Do you feel the facts demonstrate that the all the more living like weasels an animal is, the additionally fascinating it is? Is that the case with you? All things considered, provided that this is true, this will be a test for you. You will need to settle on a decision and contrast living like weasels living up with us, both among ourselves and among the animals.</p><p></p><p>One of the difficulties of living like weasels is that we can just do what we're told. We can't see the obscure side of things and the no chance to get around that. This isn't constantly a choice though.</p><p></p><p>If you think l iving like weasels is exhausting, weasels are exhausting. Living like weasels can get you engaged with insane exercises and cause a ton of stress. Weasels can be incredibly, forceful and their domain must be secured at all costs.</p><p></p><p>It is anything but difficult to wind up with your head in the sand about this inquiry, since living like weasels can be an exhausting encounter. Makes living like weasels energizing that there are consistently alternatives to make it fascinating. What's more, that is the place the test comes in.</p><p></p><p>Living like weasels can be all the more energizing when you accomplish something you've never done. The obscure makes it energizing. At the point when you find something new, you're despite everything learning and growing and that is something energizing. Thus, truly, living like weasels may undoubtedly be additionally fascinating, however not really boring.</p><p></p><p&g t;Living like weasels is a test, much the same as the living weasels that satisfy them. When you begin, it will be an adventure.</p>

The War Against Persuasive Essay Example High School

<h1> The War Against Persuasive Essay Example High School </h1> <h2> Up in Arms About Persuasive Essay Example High School?</h2> <p>Educated individuals should be approached to chip in as proficiency mentors. English language classes normally need a ton of composing. Along these lines, a discourse ought to be sorted out. An enticing discourse looks like a troublesome test for some understudies. </p> <h2> The Basics of Persuasive Essay Example High School</h2> <p>There are a few convincing article subjects to pick from to complete your secondary school or school task. Your child was mentioned to make an article as a major aspect of a school venture, or as a sort of exposition challenges for youngsters, and you may think that its difficult to consider enticing paper subjects. </p> <p>If it's a school paper, it is basic to consider what parts of it will be assessed. It will be less complex that you create an extraordinary powerful exposition if it's a subject where you have information. </p> <p>Persuasive papers are an amazing way to urge the peruser to check at a specific theme from an alternate perspective. In general, you can see that composing a powerful paper isn't a mind medical procedure. Every influential articles resemble factious papers. Each pugnacious paper should have a contradicting view which can assist you with proving you're right.</p> <p>If you've at any point taken an on-line class, you see how extraordinary it tends to be from a traditional eye to eye course. All things considered, clearly, you should see how to create scholastic substance. School tests aren't successful. </p> <h2> The Chronicles of Persuasive Essay Example High School</h2> <p>You need to know all components of budgetary points when you pick them. Hence, you must find enough generous proof for the particular point. Anyway, beneath, you will discover subject that are perfect for the two situations. Take notes concerning every single planned the me you're ready to consider. </p> <p>The instructors don't generally allocate the particular subject. Understudies are acclimated with the straightforward actuality which their educators give them with the task's point. </p> <h2> The Supreme Approach to Persuasive Essay Example High School </h2> <p>Some feel guardians should be permitted to give consent to their minor kids to obtain tattoos, since they are settling on the choice for their own kids. Most guardians feel that the ideal age to have a versatile is when kids can pay for it so they can be aware of their consumption. A few guardians remain together for the enthusiasm of their kids however don't get along. So as to get kids, the two guardians should be affirmed. </p> <h2> The Rise of Persuasive Essay Example High School</h2> <p>All people should be permitted to get free high instruction. A wide subject consistently appears to be less complex to expound on as it is conceivable to find a ton of materials abo ut it. Not all people are self-destructive that way. There are sure and contrary individuals. </p> <h2>Ruthless Persuasive Essay Example High School Strategies Exploited </h2> <p>So, the best technique to make an incredible influential article is to find a subject you're acclimated with and might want to impart your experience to the peruser. Understand that article points are simply essential thoughts that leave you considering an idea that may be an immense arrangement to another person. Picking an enticing exposition point may take a lot of time without winding up with the astonishing arrangement. Picking the most reasonable point for an enticing discourse might be not such a simple issue to do as it would appear. </p> <p>To pick which subject you're probably going to talk about, it's fundamental to see the total assortment of good enticing discourse themes from the exceptional territory of study. Another smart thought is to get some totally free exposition instances of various sorts and on different subjects to locate a general thought of the manner by which a prosperous begging to be proven wrong paper looks. By perusing a couple of papers, you can discover a lot of new and interesting thoughts. In any case, it's consistently a superior plan to work with a theme that is exceptionally near you and that you are in control of a real enthusiasm for, rather than simply picking an arbitrary subject. </p> <h2>Finding the Best Persuasive Essay Example High School </h2> <p>To start with, in case you're orchestrating a convincing discourse, you should consider a point that could make mental pictures in the psyches of your crowd. A few people are brought into the world with the craft of influence while some can expand on it by applying such practices and rehearsing. Presently, it's an ideal opportunity to burrow somewhat more profound. Simply envision, you have the entirety of the opportunity on the planet to expound on anything you want. </p>

Writing a Writer Essay For You

<h1>Writing a Writer Essay For You</h1><p>There are sure things that an author should think about an exposition and how to compose an essayist paper for you. Composing expositions, regardless of whether in school or at work, are entirely different from composing innovative stories or papers, and this is the reason they are additionally so unique in relation to each other.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that an understudy ought to realize is what precisely is an article? An article is an endeavor to address your peruser. It is a short type of correspondence where an author endeavors to make his musings progressively reasonable to his perusers, and it is simply a definitive point of scholars to communicate through their words.</p><p></p><p>Writing an author article for you will necessitate that you do the accompanying: invest some energy pondering what you might want to compose, and make certain to be clear in your psyche on what sort of exposition you need to compose. Additionally, think about your crowd, and settle on the kind of data that you need to hand-off to them. At long last, make certain to have a layout for your essay.</p><p></p><p>Writing a blueprint will assist with keeping you centered and center will permit you to concentrate on the more significant pieces of your article. On the off chance that you experience difficulty centering, don't worry; you are probably going to be in an ideal situation without a composing layout. As the essayist, you will consistently need to make sure to compose a framework of your work, which will permit you to see the huge picture.</p><p></p><p>The last thing that an understudy ought to be helped to remember when composing an exposition is, you ought to consistently view yourself as the writer of your paper. The author's sense of self may make it difficult for an essayist to leave himself alone the person who composes the paper. In any case, in the event that you find that you can not let your sense of self disrupt the general flow, at that point feel free to give the essayist access you come out. You will be amazed at how this will add to the achievement of your essay.</p><p></p><p>A parcel of times, understudies who compose an article all alone in the first place the most humiliating of themes. In addition to the fact that this is an exercise in futility, however it will bring about a paper that may never have enough substance. In this manner, make sure to expound on things that intrigue you, and leave the things that are humiliating for you to go into later on.</p><p></p><p>In decision, composing an author exposition for you will include a wide range of thoughts. In this manner, you will need to gain proficiency with the entirety of the various things that you can about this subject, just as the entirety of the various manners by which y ou can use to compose an author exposition for you. The key is to thought of your own style and make it fit with your personality.</p><p></p><p>Finally, recollect that there is nothing of the sort as an ideal paper. While your abilities will be diverse for each individual, you should at present have the option to discover something that you appreciate composing about.</p>

Student Essay Examples From Pepperdine

<h1>Student Essay Examples From Pepperdine</h1><p>When you're attempting to choose which of the Pepperdine exposition tests to utilize, consider what sort of inquiries you'll be posing to when you're composing your very own announcement. Here are a few guides to assist you with getting started.</p><p></p><p>This paper test was composed by an understudy in the software engineering division. The inquiry is: 'What might you do in the event that you were given a chance to change the course of a registering organization? You should talk about how you can get this going. How might you shape this chance? Would you exploit it, or if not, why not?'</p><p></p><p>This paper test was composed by an understudy in the Business Administration division. The inquiry is: 'You are going to take on a job that will alter the future course of the Pepperdine University business college. Do you have the certainty and initiative characteristic s to succeed?'</p><p></p><p>This one is from Carolina Mihailova. The inquiry is: 'A catastrophic event in Haiti has brought about a large number of passings and across the board pulverization. A huge number of lives are presently compromised. With such huge numbers of families and youngsters isolated, we might be confronting a compassionate emergency for quite a long time to come. Would you be able to envision a world without people?'</p><p></p><p>This article test was composed by an understudy in the English division. The inquiry is: 'You have quite recently come back from an eight-week time away. In the event that you had a chance to converse with two potential bosses today, what might you say?'</p><p></p><p>This article test was composed by an understudy in the English office. The inquiry is: 'All understudies, regardless of whether they have a college qualification or advanced education, ought to think about taking an entry level position. Why? Since this article was composed, twelve-year-old Danielle Coit was executed in an accident on her way to her school bus.</p><p></p><p>This exposition test was composed by an understudy in the Psychology division. The inquiry is: 'Your significant other was accounted for missing a week ago. What would you be able to educate me concerning what he has been doing during this time?'</p><p></p><p>These are only a couple of instances of Pepperdine exposition tests to consider. The main thing you need to recall is that every one ought to be one of a kind to the individual understudy who composed it. So set aside the effort to place your very own style into every last one of them!</p>

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Research Paper Topics about the Brain

<h1> The Number One Question You Must Ask for Research Paper Topics about the Brain </h1> <h2> The Chronicles of Research Paper Topics about the Brain</h2> <p>Once you do as such, it will permit you to develop precisely the same information into significant sections. Pick the reference ID of the reference which you might want to improve your archive. The title of your task naturally decides the exploration you will need to do to have the option to be in a situation to create the paper. Extra duplicating material right on the web may cause circumstances of copyright infringement, which are completely precluded in most of establishments. </p> <h2> New Ideas Into Research Paper Topics about the Brain Never Before Revealed</h2> <p>When you're composing your examination paper's presentation, you should assemble it around a specific diagram that provisions a general audit of the paper. Everyone realizes that composing is difficult. Keep ing up a custom of composing regularly One of the most pivotal highlights you need to instill in the event that you need to complete your exposition is to drench yourself recorded as a hard copy. Henceforth, you've been furnished with the least difficult point for issue arrangement expositions, you can pick any on of the previously mentioned and start composing your article rapidly. </p> <p>Attempt to be certain that you're remaining at exactly the same page with them. You additionally should verify you are choosing a conversation subject that has some awesome substance. Without a reasonable substance, extraordinary research paper points won't bode well. Besides, you can watch particular points for your examination paper on the site! </p> <p>When you're composing a wellbeing research paper there are various potential subjects. Different occurrences, as in an anomalous brain research instructional class, may necessitate that you create your paper on a specific subject like a mental issue. On the off chance that the subject is excessively limited, you may think that its hard to find the suitable writing. Regardless, the importance is basically universally disregarded. </p> <p>If you're mistaken for various fascinating points to explore on the web, it's far superior to figure out what intrigues you the most. At the point when you get the brief, endeavor to address the scholarly configuration with the guide of various free web based composing guides. Understudies think that its difficult to pick the absolute first thought they see on the net or in the print media it's tied in with picking fantastic research paper themes on the significant challenges. Along these lines, they need to buckle down so as to think of a functional answer for any issue. </p> <h2>The Basics of Research Paper Topics about the Brain You Can Learn From Starting Right Away </h2> <p>If you need to compose just 1 paper at the finish of the period, you can inhale out since you are honored. On the off chance that you select a subject you're enthusiastic about, half of the work is finished. By the end of the day, you should choose a title which you are alright with. Research papers are attempting, yet furthermore they have the ability to be fairly fulfilling. </p> <p>Many researchers feel that one doesn't totally need to understand the disordered subunits of the cerebrum so as to determine certain laws of the methods by which the mind directs its undertakings. The limit of RNA atoms to change is everything except boundless and makes it attainable to store a wide grouping of follows. The mind is an entangled organ that needs sufficient blood stream to work appropriately. Such responses in the human body's science generally lead to positive changes all through the whole physical framework. </p> <h2>Most Noticeable Research Paper Topics about the Brain </h2> <p>Plus you likewise must be prepared to make changes (both of you) that are probably going to work at helping you to both spare your marriage. On the off chance that you are battling to find a theme you're in karma. It's significant right since you comprehend that time is incredibly short at whatever point your mate is requesting a separation. Do ensure that you do take sufficient rest and reproduce yourself every once in a while. </p> <p>Repeated action of precisely the same improvement will cause the specific changes. In this way, you must be very cautious while suggesting the thoughts. Making a diagram of your essential contemplations and optional focuses can assist you with keeping cognizant. In certain occurrences, understudies essentially devise the investigation and after that envision the potential outcomes that may happen. </p> <h2>Getting the Best Research Paper Topics about the Brain </h2> <p>You additionally should attempt to peruse more on a portion of the ac tivity that others have done, at that point perceive how to procure your paper better. In case you're permitted to uninhibitedly pick what things to compose without anyone else, use the opportunity to make something novel. Fortunately, there are bunches of incredible spots to search out motivation and the ensuing rundown contains only several recommendations to help kick you off. Individuals are set up to gracefully you with a wide range of help in regards to your examination paper topics.</p> <h2>Up in Arms About Research Paper Topics about the Brain? </h2> <p>If you click the PDF catch or symbol, it will make a PDF report of the rendered record that appears in the right board. On the off chance that your paper will most likely have a lot of pictures, you can make singular organizers to hold your pictures. You can once in a while check the strategy by which the record is being rendered. Logical archives seem, by all accounts, to be an incredibly dull activit y. </p>

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Expected Essay Topics Ube July 2018

<h1> Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Expected Essay Topics Ube July 2018</h1> <p>Despite how the body of the illustrative exposition requests the understanding of an enormous collection of different information, it should not contain more than three sections. In certain cases, it's progressively intelligent right off the bat searching for the necessary data in the sources and continue to the structure of contemplations looking like an exposition. Right choice of subject and the reasonable procedure of composing are significant. There is an immense number of logical exposition subjects of extraordinary locales of ability. </p> <h2>The New Fuss About Expected Essay Topics Ube July 2018 </h2> <p>Cell telephone use and messaging permit it to be hard to focus. Composing a circumstances and logical results one you should illuminate the causal relationship of one issue. You just need to see how to focus on a specific subject and pinpoint where cha nges will need to be made to address the difficult you proposed. As an approach to adhere to this propensity, you should settle on a captivating theme. </p> <h2>Top Choices of Expected Essay Topics Ube July 2018 </h2> <p>Unfortunately there isn't yet much you're ready to do with that data, aside from begin considering the opportunity of putting another person's fecal issue in your rectum (or swallow it into a case). Whichever framework you select, ensure you tail it reliably. For certain understudies, beating the lawyer exam is straightforward, while some have a genuine issue with the bar. </p> <p>Establish set hours that you will study, and expect to take adequate breaks. Attempt to recollect that you canaccomplish such a great amount in these last hours. Bar competitors who get the two assignments at the specific time must stop composing the absolute first errand quickly at the finish of an hour and a half and change to the subsequent undertaking, regardless of whether they have completed the absolute first undertaking. Follow your calendar every day. </p> <p>Thus, rather than endeavoring to unravel what's critical to know for the moving toward test contingent upon the heap of materials you have, I reveal to you exactly what is imperative to know for the MBE, MEE and MPT. Partnerships wasn't tried on the previous two tests so it's ready for testing! Clearly, it may or probably won't be there. In the event that the purview where you plan to test oversees the MEE, you will be naturally enrolled for the test by methods for your law quiz enlistment. </p&g t; <h2> The Advantages of Expected Essay Topics Ube July 2018</h2> <p>Scrap paper would in like manner be valuable. 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Msc Management Science And Operational Research Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Abstract In todays rapidly changing commerce environment, companies be it start up or well established companies must make good business decisions faster and more efficient than ever. Good business decisions require accurate, timely as well as meaningful data as well as techniques or models to support it. To make those decisions confidently, it is essential for companys management team to ensure that there are appropriate techniques that can support the decision making process such as operational research or management science techniques. This will enable actions to be taken based on the conclusions drawn. Although there are several operational research techniques that can support decision making in a start-up company, the management of start-up companies are best equipped to lead the effort of applying this techniques by investing and supporting their use. To successfully apply operational research techniques in a start-up company, several key elements and challenges facing the companies must be brought together and analyzed. This paper will review some of the decision making techniques and challenges faced by Company A and John Biola London as ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° case study. KEY WORDS: Start-up Companies Established Companies, Operational Research Techniques, Decision Making, Company A, John Biola. Acknowledgment I am grateful for all the support I have received from my supervisor Kuangyi Liu whilst researching and writing this dissertation. I would like to thank the Management of Company A and John Biola for their patience and support in getting relevant information required for this study. Finally I would like to show my appreciation my appreciation to dear friend Titilayo Adigun for her exceptional support during the course of the programme dissertation. Chapter One 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Research Companies generally undergo different phases in their life cylcle before becoming well established firms just as normal humans will go through child birth to maturity. They do not just spring into billion dollar compaines (Carte et al, 1993). In the process of becoming well established firms, a start up company will generally face challenges which may result in early death of the company. Companies are born and must survie all the trials and tribulations of infancy and adolesence prior to attaining a healthy maturity (Carte et al, 1993). The ability to surviv these challenges will depend on how well a company can manage and resolve the challenges. According to Lehmann (1997) survivÃÆ' Ã‚ °l chÃÆ' Ã‚ °ncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd profitÃÆ' Ã‚ °bility hÃÆ' Ã‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ comÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ to dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µpÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnd incrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °singly on thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °pÃÆ' Ã‚ °bility to innovÃÆ' Ã‚ ° tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ fÃÆ' Ã‚ °st ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd succÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µssfully.(Dissertation New V1).Many companies do not have the ability to predict the future due to economic and environmental uncertainity and this tends to have higher impact on the ability of new companies to survie. According to Cooper (1993), all firms are impacted by the environment, but new ventures have a concentration of risk upon a few products or services, narrow markets, and a few key resources. This calls for a number of decisons to be made by the management of the start up companies. ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ lthÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ugh dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king in ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µm ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾t ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr thÃÆ' Ã‚ °n fÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾r ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢, thiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °n bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ttributÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µtitivÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °dvÃÆ' Ã‚ °ntÃÆ' Ã‚ °gÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ which thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ hÃÆ' Ã‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ccÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rding tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ HÃÆ' Ã‚ °rihÃÆ' Ã‚ °rÃÆ' Ã‚ °n ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt ÃÆ' Ã‚ °l (1999), ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rtÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ fÃÆ' Ã‚ °cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd with chÃÆ' Ã‚ °llÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µngÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uch ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ccÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ widÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ rÃÆ' Ã‚ °ngÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾urcÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ which ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ffÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µctÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µm whÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µthÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr in ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µring ÃÆ' Ã‚ °n induÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢try ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾r ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢urviving in ÃÆ' Ã‚ °n induÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢try. BruÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢h ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt à Æ' Ã‚ °l (1999) furthÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxÃÆ' Ã‚ °minÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾w ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾p thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µir rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾urcÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ intÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrnÃÆ' Ã‚ °lly whÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rtÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ hÃÆ' Ã‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °cquirÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢t ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f itÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾urc ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ which pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° grÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °t chÃÆ' Ã‚ °llÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µngÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µm. BÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ, it iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ impÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rtÃÆ' Ã‚ °nt tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxÃÆ' Ã‚ °minÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ nÃÆ' Ã‚ °turÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king in ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rgÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °tiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ it ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt upÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾r ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd firmÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. Nutt (1998) rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µpÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rtÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd thÃÆ' Ã‚ °t ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tudiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢trÃÆ' Ã‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µgic dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uggÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢t thÃÆ' Ã‚ °t dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ frÃÆ' Ã‚ °mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd by ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °kÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µhÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ldÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ whÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °ll ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ttÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmingly impÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rtÃÆ' Ã‚ °nt dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾pmÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ by mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° clÃÆ' Ã‚ °im. ThiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢urÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µly iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ with ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ but with rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µct ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢, thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µir ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °kÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µhÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ldÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ viÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µwÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ will ÃÆ' Ã‚ °lÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ tÃÆ' Ã‚ °kÃÆ' Ãƒâ€š  µn intÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢idÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ã‚ °tiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n whÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µn ÃÆ' Ã‚ °rriving ÃÆ' Ã‚ °t dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. In thiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ inÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °ncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ viÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µwÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °kÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µhÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ldÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ in ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ will mÃÆ' Ã‚ °inly bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ fÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µdbÃÆ' Ã‚ °ckÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ grÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾wth, cÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢h flÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾w mÃÆ' Ã‚ °nÃÆ' Ã‚ °gÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µtc. FÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾llÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾wing up frÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾m thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ, it iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ highly impÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ã‚ °tivÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ fÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾r ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °utiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n in mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ which iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ viÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µw ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rchibÃÆ' Ã‚ °ld ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt ÃÆ' Ã‚ °l (2002) in thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µir ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxpÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrimÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f uÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ing MÃÆ' Ã‚ °rkÃÆ'  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾v mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µl in invÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ry dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king. ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µy ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uggÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd thÃÆ' Ã‚ °t ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾uld bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrvÃÆ' Ã‚ °tivÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ in itÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ invÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ry purchÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ing ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢trÃÆ' Ã‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µgy thÃÆ' Ã‚ °n thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ wÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µll ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢, nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢, it ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾uldnt bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrvÃÆ' Ã‚ °tivÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ. 1.2 Objectives Questions of the Research RÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °rch ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ctivitiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up firmÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uggÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ thÃÆ' Ã‚ °t thiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µgÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ry ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ fÃÆ' Ã‚ °cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° numbÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f chÃÆ' Ã‚ °llÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µngÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ which mÃÆ' Ã‚ °y hindÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µir ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uccÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd grÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾wth prÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ šÃ‚ µctÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. By nÃÆ' Ã‚ °turÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ, ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up firmÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °n bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢cribÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ã‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ yÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ung cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ with rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾urcÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢trÃÆ' Ã‚ °intÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢, littlÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾r nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ã‚ °ting ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrfÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rmÃÆ' Ã‚ °ncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ hiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ry. ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µquÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f t hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢, ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ fÃÆ' Ã‚ °cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rmÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾uÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ chÃÆ' Ã‚ °llÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µngÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ in mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ which cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾uld bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ finÃÆ' Ã‚ °nciÃÆ' Ã‚ °l, ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ã‚ °tiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ' Ã‚ °l, riÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢k ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd buÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢inÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢trÃÆ' Ã‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µgy. ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °lthÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ugh mÃÆ' Ã‚ °y ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ccur with ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd firmÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ but thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ wÃÆ' Ã‚ °y ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd mÃÆ' Ã‚ °nnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr thiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °lt with ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µm tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ diffÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt frÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾m thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ccÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rding tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rchibÃÆ' Ã‚ °ld ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt ÃÆ' Ã‚ °l (2002), ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ intÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd in idÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntifying ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ptimÃÆ' Ã‚ °l ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢trÃÆ' Ã‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µgiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ which ÃÆ' Ã‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °imÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ã‚ °t mÃÆ' Ã‚ °ximiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ing thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µir prÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾fit, whilÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾bjÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µctivÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ tÃÆ' Ã‚ °ilÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾wÃÆ' Ã‚ °r dÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ mÃÆ' Ã‚ °ximiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ing lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ng tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrm ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢urvivÃÆ' Ã‚ °l chÃÆ' Ã‚ °ncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ purpÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f thiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °rch ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ iÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxÃÆ' Ã‚ °minÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾w ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °n bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µfit frÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾m thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ uÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ã‚ °tiÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ' Ã ‚ °l rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °rch techniques in mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µttÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr buÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢inÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n. This research exercise identify challenges faced by start up companies from a functional departmental perspective e.g finance, marketing, production, purchasing and supply etc. The table below shows the different types of operational research techniques applicable in the different organisational departments or functions. Table 1 This resaerch exercise will also examine what operational research techniques are used in established companies and how they are used. This research exercise will also examine the usefulness of some of the techniques identified in table xxxx above based on their occurance in relevant literatures reviewed in chapter 2. ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µcificÃÆ' Ã‚ °lly, thiÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ã‚ °rch prÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾jÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µctÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ intÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µndÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢idÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µr thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ fÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾llÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾wing ÃÆ' Ã‚ °imÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃÆ' Ã‚ °nd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾bjÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µctivÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢; TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxÃÆ' Ã‚ °minÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ chÃÆ' Ã‚ °llÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µngÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ fÃÆ' Ã‚ °cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd by ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxÃÆ' Ã‚ °minÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ nÃÆ' Ã‚ °turà ƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king in ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king in ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ with thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To exmaine what operational research techniques are used in established companies TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ idÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntify which ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾R tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾lÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °n ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uppÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ šÃ‚ ¾rt dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king in ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1.3 Structure of the Research The structure of this research study is such that after this chapter ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° thorough review of literature will be conducted which will cover what start up companies are and the challenges faced by these category of companies, a review of decision making theory linked to the main functional areas in an organisation as mentioned in 1.2 above and also a review of some relevant management science techniques. The third chapter will focus on the research methodology which will include an introduction, research topic, research aim, research approach, research strategy and design, data gathering, research analysis and conclusion. The fourth chapter, the case study of the two companies (established and start up) interviewed will be reviewed. The chapter will include the following sub headings for each of the two companies; Introduction of the company, Company Overview, Analysis of the Operational Research techniques used in decision making, and a brief conclusion. The final c hapter which is the conclusion and recommendations will summarise the whole research exercise in the following sections; summary of research, research limitations, recommendations as well as suggestions for further research Chapter Three 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction Research methodology refers to research process the procedural framework within which a research is conducted. This methodology is defined by Leedy (p.120) cited by Remenyi et al., 1998 (p.28) as an operational framework within which the facts are placed so that their meaning may be seen more clearly. Some methods provide data which are quantitative as well as some that are qualitative. Quantitative methods are those which focus on numbers as well as frequencies rather than on meaning as well experience. Quantitative methods (e.g. experiments questionnaires as well as psychometric tests) provide information which is easy to analyse statistically as well as fairly reliable. Quantitative methods are associated with the scientific as well as experimental approach as well as are criticised for not providing an in depth description. Qualitative methods are ways of collecting data which are concerned with describing meaning rather than with drawing statistical inferences. What qualitativ e methods (e.g. case studies as well as interviews) lose on reliability they gain in terms of validity. They provide ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° more in depth as well as rich description. Qualitative methods were used evaluate the user of operational research techniques in the two companies analysed in this research exercise. Quantitative are said to be systematic. Qualitative research is thought to be objective whereas quantitative research often involves ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° subjective element. It is thought that in gaining, analysing as well as interpreting quantitative data the researcher can remain detached as well as objective. Often this is not possible with qualitative research where the researcher may actually be involved in the situation of research (Jankowicz p.16). 3.2 Research Objectives The main aim of research was to examine how operational research techniques can support decision making in start up companies. Specifically, the basic objective was: TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxÃÆ' Ã‚ °minÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ chÃÆ' Ã‚ °llÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µngÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ fÃÆ' Ã‚ °cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd by ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxÃÆ' Ã‚ °minÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ nÃÆ' Ã‚ °turÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾f dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king in ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃƒÆ ' Ã‚ °king in ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ with thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °bliÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To exmaine what operational rsearch techniques are used in established companies TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ idÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntify which ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾R tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾ÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾lÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cÃÆ' Ã‚ °n ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢uppÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾rt dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µciÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢iÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾n mÃÆ' Ã‚ °king in ÃÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢tÃÆ' Ã‚ °rt up cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¾mpÃÆ' Ã‚ °niÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 3.3 Research Approach The study proposed in this paper was ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° qualitative survey study. Qualitative methods were utilized because the research was based on primary (e.g. surveys) data collection (Goldberg 2006). Basically the quantitative approach pursues facts as well as is employed when researchers desire to acquire statistical truth. According to Gall as well as Borg (2003), quantitative research assumes that the social environment has objective reality that is relatively constant across time as well as settings while qualitative research assumes that individuals construct reality in the form of meanings as well as interpretations as well as that these constructions tend to be transitory as well as situational. Qualitative approach aims to discover meanings as well as interpretations by studying cases intensively in natural settings as well as by subjecting the resulting data to analytic induction (Gall as well as Borg 2003). 3.4 Research Strategy Instrument An interview was conducted with the use of a list of questions developed to identify the various operational research techniques used by Company A and John Biola in making decisions. The interview questions were focused on of which operational research techniques were mainly used i.e. soft or hard OR techniques, how this techniques are used and how as it supported decision making. As this study aims to gain an understanding of the management science techniques that can support start up companies in decision making therefore the survey interview and questions used was deemed more appropriate for qualitative approach of this study as compare to other methods. Therefore survey interview with questions were used to analyze the research questions. So the qualitative approach of this study was based on interview investigation. A questionnaire is essentially ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° data capture instrument. It lists all the questions to which the researcher wants the respondents to answer as well as it records the response of participants. Survey research is method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative of some population using an instrument composed of closed structure or open-ended items (questions). It is one of most dominant forms of data collection in the social sciences providing for efficient collection of data over broad populations amenable to self-administration in person by telephone via mail as well as over the Internet. Participants Interviews were conducted with staff of Company A strategy development team with the consent of senior management and John Biolas managing director. Procedure For the purpose of research, the meeting with one of the managers of Company A and the director in John Biola was held to explain to them the purpose of survey as well as also find out from them the type of techniques used in supporting decision making as well as the challenges facing John Biola (start up) and Company A (established). After the approval from the mangers and director in the two companies respectively, the interview was conducted with staff in business architecture team for Company A, and two managers (Finance and Operations) in John Biola. The main focus while conducting the interviews was the confidentiality of responses and the materials (data) supplied. It was ensured that the established company name will be revealed. 3.5 Reliability validity The survey instrument should have validity as well as reliability. Validity is whether the instruments are really measuring what they are supposed to measure. Reliability means that the survey instrument is providing ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° consistent measure. This survey instrument measured what it claimed to be measuring thus providing ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° consistent measure indicating that the survey instrument was ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° valid as well as reliable instrument. One way to assess validity would be to have the social validation assessment developed or reviewed by ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° panel of experts or judges who are not involved directly in the research. Another method would be to have ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° social validation assessment of social validation instrument. 3.6 Ethical Issues Researcher was fully aware of ethical issues involved in this work. Responsibility for all procedures as well as ethical issues related to project rests with the principal researcher. Research was conducted in such ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° way that the integrity of research enterprise is maintained as well as negative after-effects which might diminish the potential for future research were avoided. The choice of research issues was based on the best scientific judgment as well as on an assessment of potential benefit to participants as well as society in relation to risk to be borne by the participants. This study was related to an important strategic decision making issue. The researcher was aware of any potential harmful effects; in such circumstances as well as the chosen method was used after consultation with colleagues as well as other experts. Full justification for method chosen was given. The research was conducted in ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° competent fashion as an objective scientific project as well as without bias. The research was carried out in full compliance with as well as awareness of local customs standards laws as well as regulations. The researcher was familiar with as well as respect the host culture. 3.7 Confidentiality Full confidentiality of all information as well as the anonymity of Companies involved was maintained. Participating companies were informed of any potential limitations to confidentiality of any information supplied. Procedures were put in place to protect the confidentiality of information as well as the anonymity of companies in all research materials. Participating companies will be offered access to research results presented in ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° manner as well as language they can understand. All researches were reported widely with objectivity as well as integrity. Researcher provided adequate information in all publications findings to be properly assessed. Limits of reliability as well as applicability were made clear. Researcher is responsible for properly acknowledging the unpublished as well as published work of other scholars. Finally all research materials were preserved in ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° manner that respects the agreements made with participating companies. It was reassured that the identity of all participating companies will remained confidential as well as the data sets throughout the study. 3.8 Conclusion In this study, the researcher proposed the research design to examine the operational research techniques that can support decision making in start up companies. The study used ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° qualitative methodology as well as utilized ÃÆ' Ã‚ ° survey interview with prepared list of questions. The analysis of participants response, data and information gathered would help to determine the answers to research questions stated above. Chapter Four 4 Case Study 4.1 Introduction to Company A Company A is one of the largest providers of electricity to consumers in the UK. It generates about 20% of the UKs electricity covering about 8million homes and businesses. The companys group activities include generation, transmission, and distribution, trading and supply of other energy services. With about 38milloin customers worldwide, Company A has a share capital of around  £1.3m and its growing to become one of UKs largest energy company through its involvement in major projects and development in the country. The company is structured into five business units each responsible for making its own business decision but with central unit supporting all business units in decision making through the user of appropriate techniques and methodologies. Company A Challenges Decision Making Company A was faced with the challenge of managing the performance of its activities with a view to achieving one or more pre-selected goals. Some of the challenges which were of utmost priority to Company A in relation to decision making are as follows; Ability to drive desired behaviors through a strategy based framework. Ability to use what if analysis, scenario planning, optimization and simulation techniques for predictive planning and modeling business outcomes Ability to drive business outcomes which focuses on leading non-financial outcomes through techniques such as balanced scorecards, strategy mapping, performance prism etc Ability to link strategic goals to operational activities and identify what activities are critical to the success of the business As a result of this challenge, Company A developed a performance management framework which is aimed at focusing on the achievement of its ambitions by driving change and informing decision making through pe rformance measurement. The performance framework is aimed to deliver the following; Performance metrics fully aligned to strategy development and execution, service delivery and business operations Integrated, interactive and accessible performance information Well defined performance management processes to ensure quality and consistency Increased employee engagement and understanding of the company strategy and performance targets to deliver a fundamental culture shift Metric driven medium term planning processes and decision making Enhanced diagnostics capability to determine cause and effect impacts on metrics Company A- Application of Operational Research Techniques Company A made use of three soft operational research techniques in the development of its performance management framework which is aimed at addressing the challenges facing the company as listed in section 4.1.1 above. These techniques are Balanced Scorecard, Strategy Maps and Performance Prism. Company A further developed its own operational research technique which is like a modified version of the Balanced Scorecard this it called a general classification. These operational research techniques were defined both in its generic theoretical terms and modified versions for Company A. The initial purpose these operational research techniques served were: To enable easy search and interrogation of the companys performance catalogue To group performance metrics in order to answer possible questions that may come from the companys business units To help identify relevant performance metrics which will support specific business objectives To allow for easy utilization repo rting of performance information The operational research techniques were defined in there generic theoretical terms and in Company A modified version as follows; Balanced Scorecard Financial: A measure of financial performance in relation to meeting our budgeted cost of services we aim to provide to our customers within the business as well as achieving cost reduction with economic value added. Customers: How should we appear to our customers within the business be it Networks, .., This encompasses such measures as customer satisfaction, customer response time and quality of services provided to our customers. Internal Business Process: What processes must we excel at in order to consistently satisfy our customers? Learning Growth: How should we sustain our ability to change and improve? This category of metrics will measure the ability of our employees (both internal staff and external contractors consultants), information systems be it SAP or Oracle, and organisational procedures in terms of governance framework to manage the business and adapt to change. Strategy Maps Financial Perspective Productivity: How well are we achieving our value for money proposition? This will include cost reduction strategies and efficient utilization of asset. Growth: How well are we strengthening our financial position through deepening relationships with existing customers and reaching out to new customers internally? Customer Perspective Service Attributes: The provision of services which are cost effective, high quality, readily available, reliable and timely with a range of options to select from. Relationships: Are we providing knowledgeable solutions and superior customer services? Do we have a win-win partnership with our customers? Image: How are we seen by our customers and the public? Are we partners in the community, are we responsible citizens, and are trusted as good services providers by our customers. Internal Business Process Perspective Operations Management: How do we provide and deliver services to our customers? This process focuses on supplier relationship management, provision and distribution of services to customers and management of operational risk. Customer Management: How do we enhance how customer value? The focus of this process type is on how we deepen relationships with customers. Innovation: How good are we at providing new services for our customers? These processes involve the identification, designing and developing new services and also managing RD and bring new services to customers. Regulatory Social: Are we conforming to regulations, meeting societal expectations and building stronger communities? This relates to the level of compliance to regulations such as environment, health safety and employment practices. It also involves the management of our corporate social responsibility in communities where we operate. Learning Growth Perspective Human Capital: Skills in quality management /process improvement. The availability of skills, talents and know-how to perform activities required for the strategy. It involves attracting, growing and retaining the best people. Information Capital: Technology that facilitates process improvement. The availability of information systems, knowledge applications and infrastructure required to support the organisational strategy. Organisation Capital: The availability to mobilise and sustain the process of change required to execute an organisational strategy. This covers aspects like: Cultural: awareness about internalization of shared mission and values Leadership: availability of qualified leaders to mobilize the organisation towards its strategies Alignment: alignment of goals and incentives with the strategy at all organisational levels Teamwork: sharing of knowledge and staff assets Performance Prism Stakeholder Satisfaction: The value expected by various interested parties within the company which varies depending on the type of stakeholder group and the project or activities they are involved in. Stakeholder Contribution: This defines what the company wants from the various interested parties in its internal activities. This will be the contribution from the interested parties in whatever project or activities that will support the achievement of the companys ambitions. Strategies: The strategies to be put in place in order to achieve the companys ambitions. This could be specific actions, task or projects executed to deliver stakeholder value. Processes: These are processes that need to be put in place in order to satisfy stakeholders wants and needs. They could be cross-functional and represents the blue-prints for what work is done, where, when and how it will be executed. It is basically the governance structure in the company. Capabilities: The combination of the companies practices, technology and infrastructure that collectively represents our ability to create value for our stakeholders. General Governance: An assessment of strengths and weaknesses in existing management arrangements, including gaps between theory espoused and theory practised and to assess differences in management performance between (and within) undertakings and over time. Learning Growth: How well are we improving our capacity to deliver? This category of metrics is concerned with the delivery of training to improve skills or change embedded culture to improve for example risk or commercial awareness. Performance: How well are we actually delivering to target? These metrics will be derived from service or process specific measures. Transformation: How well are we implementing our transformation initiatives? This category of metrics is concerned with how we identify, leverage and even create new underlying principles for the way we do things. Each of the operational research techniques defined above were then mapped to the companys performance metrics and key performance indicators containe d in the performance catalogue. The mappings were carried out to enable users of the performance catalogue identify which key performance indicators or metrics will support the realization of their strategic objectives which can be identified using of the soft operational research techniques. The mapping involved an understating of the definition of each of the performance metrics and key indicators, then assigning the appropriate category or sub element of the each operational research technique. Below are two examples of the application of the of the operational research techniques to the performance catalogue in Company A. Example 1 Performance Indicator Name: % of processes defined as per process delivery plan Performance Indicator Definition: Process defined in accordance with agreed standards as per process delivery plan Operational Research Technique Mapping General: Governance Balanced Scorecard: Internal Business Process Strategy Maps: Operations Management Performance Prism: Processes Example 2 Performance Indicator Name: % of resource request fulfil within agreed timescale Performance Indicator Definition: The % of resource request fulfilled within reporting month, and Year to Date, that were fulfilled with 30 working days from the date of receipt. Operational Research Technique Mapping General: Performance Balanced Scorecard: Customer Strategy Maps: Service Attributes Performance Prism: Stakeholder Satisfaction 4.2 Introduction to John Biola London John Biola a growing African supermarket based in London which specializes mainly in the sales of West African perishable and non perishable food as well as kitchen and other home items. Its product range cut across the following grocery, fish, meat, drinks, snacks, vegetables fruits. The Company started operations in 2006 and currently has 3 branches in London. It has a workforce of 35 people of which xxxx are management staff, xxxx are administrative staff and the rest are store assistants and butchers. Over the last three years, its annual turnover on average has been in the region of  £xxx with profit of xx% in the last year. Organisational Structure The companys organisational structure can be described as a combination of simple or entrepreneurial departmental structure. The company reflects a an entrepreneurial structure because it is a small firm dominated with a single entrepreneur, the two directors intervene in virtually all decisions made by store managers in John Biola. The company also portrays the characteristics of departmental or divisional structure because it has branches which are headed by managers and they make decisions to a certain level. The organisational structure is depicted below: Challenges Decision Making The company faces enormous challenges in which the company requires strategic guidance and direction to overcome. The major areas of challenges and decision making are explained below: Demand Supply of Goods to Stores John Biola determines its supplies based on the goods available in stock at any given time. Each store is supplied a predetermined quantity of stock items whenever there is a stock request from the stores. These predetermined quantity of stock items are standard set or used initially when stores were opened and reviewed two or three times later for different stores. The standard quantity delivered varies for different stores. Stock request are made to the central store when there are continuous demand for certain goods from customers, and also when store managers or assistants visibly determine a low stock item. Very often the central store delivery officer supplies stock items to stores even where there is no request from the stores. This happens when there are stock items left in delivery van. Goods from Suppliers The central store makes request for stock items from its supplies through the store officer but approved by any of the two directors of the company. The quantities of goods / stock required from suppliers are determined based on the following: When stock fall below a certain level At a fixed periodic interval Continuous request / demand from customers in different stores The costs of supplies / purchases are normally constant over a period time except where: Oil prices rises i.e. due to imports of stock items from overseas Unexpected / natural disasters i.e. recent volcanic ash eruptions which lead to fall supply of African food stock hence a rise in purchase cost. Staff Management As mentioned earlier in the company introduction, John Biola employs xxx staff. One of the main challenges facing the company is how it can manage its shop floor staff in order to reduce labour overhead and maximise available labour through determining an appropriate labour requirement at any given point in time. Data IT Management Sales data are captured once goods are sold to customers at the cashiers till. Some of the stock items have bar codes which registers on the till systems at the point on sale terminal, but majority (80%) of the stock items do not have this bar codes making it very difficult to capture the type stock item sold. Whenever a stock item does not have a bar code, the item will normally have a small sticker with the item price printed on it. This price is manually inputted on the point on sale terminal. The data captured from the point of sale terminal are used for accounting and tax purposes. 4.3 Application of Operational Research Techniques 4.4 Conclusion Chapter Five 5 Conclusion Recommendations 5.1 Summary of Research Findings The research project has focus extensively on the use of some operational research techniques which can be classified as hard and soft techniques. The hard techniques reviewed in the research project are Linear Programming, Decision Tree, EOQ and Network Analysis. These techniques are much more complex to apply in organisations be it start ups or established companies. The soft techniques application on the other hand tends to be common in established, some of these examined in this project are balanced scorecard, strategy maps, performance prism and scenario planning. In general, application of operational research techniques in start up firms is very limited and this may be as a result of lack of awareness of the techniques by entrepreneurs and availability of information. The case study analysis from the two companies Company A (start up) and John Biola (established) revealed the extent of use of these techniques. 5.2 Research Limitations Operational research is a growing a field which is not well known to a lot of people both in the academia and industry unlike other fields like finance, IT, medicine etc. This limitation has made it difficult for the researcher to gather as much information particularly from start up companies on the use of operational research techniques. The interviews conducted with the two companies used in the case study exercise were possible due to the researchers personal relationship with the informants. It was the intention of the researcher to interview at least three companies in each of start up and established companies, but only one of each of the types of companies were interviewed. This was as a result of difficulty identifying companies that are willing to participate as most companies were reluctant in disclosing information. Although, conducting the interviews with company A and John Biola was enough to get an understanding of what operational research techniques are used in th e start up and established companies, but conducting interviews with more companies would have availed the researcher examine other techniques and factors that may affect the use of operational research in supporting decision making. 5.3 Recommendations Based on the various revived literatures on start up challenges, operational research techniques and both case studies of company A and John Biola, there is a possibility of a applying some of the operational research techniques used in Company A which is an established company but modified to suit and address challenges facing John Biola. It is also possible to use some of the techniques discussed in the literature to support decision making in John Biola. These operational research techniques that can support John Biola in decision making are: Demand Supply Management: The Company can apply Economic Ordering Quantity model to support its decision making in the establishing the optimal quantity of stock items to order at any given point in time. This can easily be applied to John Biola because from the company case study analysis, the company does request supply of stock from suppliers on a fairly fixed period basis and almost constant stock demand of goods. These are som e of the key assumptions surrounding the use of the Economic Order Quantity model. Although the usefulness of this model in John Biola has been established, but for this to work properly the requirements of the company should be well analysed and model modified accordingly. Staff Management: John Biola also benefit from the use of linear and Integer programming technique to resolve the challenge the company faces in relation to reducing cost of labour and maximising the available labour at any point in time. The use of this technique can produce optimal number of staff to be deployed on the shop floor for different times of the day or days of a week since the customer patronage varies on different times and days. Just as the EOQ technique mentioned above, the linear programming technique will also require a thorough requirement analysis and design to utilize and get the best from the technique. Forecasting: John Biola should introduce the use of bar codes on most of the sto ck which will hold stock data as it is with some of the stock items. By implementing this, the company can easily use the data captured on the point on sale terminal to drive the following: More accurate management accounting and tax information for decision making Product profitability analysis of on the different stock items Forecasting of seasonal or periodic sales information Easier and up to date stock reconciliation Use of Strategy Analyst: Employment of a strategy / business analyst who will be responsible for providing strategic and operational guidance and direction for the business through: Forecasting customer demand and sales Preparing strategic analysis and modelling to support the companies objectives Providing optimal pricing strategy and competitor analysis using appropriate techniques Identifying optimal stock level and re-order level for the business Providing training to store managers on stock management control Application of Strategy Maps in John Biola Learning Growth John Biola should understand its intangible assets that will enable it create value for its customers by defining the following: Human Capital: Developing skills and sharing knowledge amongst the staff in John Biola. Provision of adequate training for the store assistants and managers in order to be more efficient and effective in delivery of their role and responsibilities. Information Capital: Development of an IT system with database linked to the point on sale terminal which will capture and store sales transaction details. Appropriate IT network should be in place to enable easy generation of up to date stock information. Organisation Capital: The directors of John Biola should ensure that the culture of the company is well understood by all the staff, and encourage teamwork amongst the store staff. These clusters of assets in John Biola identified and defined above will serve as the building blocks for the internal business processes defined below. Internal Perspective These are processes within John Biola which will transform the companys cluster of intangible assets customer and financial opportunities and perspectives. Operations Management Processes: The Company should put on place robust processes that will deliver efficient sales services to its customers. E.g. fast sales / services turnaround Customer Management Processes: By selling multiple products to customers, advising customers on the appropriate product option based on their needs, John Biola can easily enhance and improve its customer value. Innovative Processes: In order to be better competitive, John Biola should improve on the processes which generates leads to new products in market back in Africa and make this available to its customers. This can be carrying out research constantly in African market hence investing in research and development. Regulatory Social: The Company should ensure that there are processes in place that monitors its environmental and soci al responsibility commitments to the society. It should ensure that there process which monitors the proper management of waste from it poultry and meat products hence a measure of its health and safety commitment. It should put in place governance processes to ensure that employment laws rights are strictly adhered. Customer Perspective This aspect defines the conditions that must be in place within John Biola to create and improve value to its customers. Product / Service Attributes: The management of John Biola make available variety of good quality African food items at competitive prices based on the needs of their customers. This will enable the company to attract and retain new existing customers. Financial Perspective This is point where the cluster of intangible assets in John Biola will be transformed to tangible assets. It demonstrates the cause and effect relationship from all the activities and assets in the company. Productivity: The ability of the company to reduce its overhead mainly labour from the identification and elimination of redundant processes within its operations. This will result in John Biola reducing cost of servicing its customers and passing the cost savings to customers. Growth: The management of John Biola can expand its revenue potentials based on the customer value proposition it has created in terms of its image in within the African community by opening up new stores in areas where African are domiciled. See strategy map diagram of John Biola below 5.4 Suggestions for Further Research It is highly important to point out that the application of operational research techniques in established companies can be very complicated let alone its application in start up companies. This research exercise has highlighted the need for further research activities to be conducted in established companies and operational research techniques. The focus of the research project was on how operational research techniques can support decision making, a further interesting area of study can be on the relevance of operational research techniques in making decision for established companies in developing countries like Nigeria. This is because an initial interview with some mangers within established companies in the region revealed the lack of awareness of these techniques. Critical Appraisal Appendix